The following is the translation of an article from the book by Hizb ut-Tahrir entitled 'Introduction to the Constitution and the necessary evidences for it' which is the explanation of its draft constitution for the Khilafah state. This draft translation is from the second edition published in 2009 which was updated from the original published in 1963. Numerous brigades in Syria have agreed to the implementation of this constitution after the removal of the corrupt system that has brutally suppressed the people for decades.
Article 7
The State implements
the Islamic Shari’ah upon all those who hold the Islamic citizenship,
with no difference between Muslims and non-Muslims as follows:
(a)All the rules of
Islam will be implemented upon the Muslims without any exception.
(b)The non-Muslims will
be allowed to follow their beliefs and worships within the scope of the general
system.
(c)The rule of apostasy
will be implemented upon the apostates from Islam if they themselves were the
apostates. As for their children, they will be treated as non-Muslims if they
are born as such. Thus,, they will be treated in accordance with their current
status as being either polytheists or people of the book.
(d)The non-Muslims will
be treated in matters related to foodstuffs and clothing according to their
faith and within the scope of what the Shari’ah rules permit.
(e)Matters of marriage
and divorce will be settled among the non-Muslims according to their faith, and
will be settled between them and the Muslims according to the rules of Islam.
(f)
The State will implement the rest
of the Shari’ah rules and all the Islamic Shari’ah matters, such
as transactions, penal codes, testimonies, ruling systems and economics among
others equally upon the Muslims and non-Muslims. The State will also implement
the same upon those with a covenant, the asylum seekers and all those under the
authority of Islam in the same way. It implements them upon all members of
society except for the ambassadors, consuls, and similar for they have
diplomatic immunity.
Truly Islam has come for all people. Allah (swt) says
“And
We have sent you as a conveyor of glad tidings and as a Warner unto all
mankind” (TMQ 34:28). Just like the disbeliever is obligated to abide by the “Usul” (foundations), in
other words by the Islamic ‘Aqidah, he is also obligated to abide by the
branches i.e. the Shari’ah rules. As for the fact that he is obligated
to abide by the rules, this is clearly mentioned in the verses of the Holy
Quran, and as for the fact that he is obligated to abide by the branches, this
is because Allah (swt) has clearly obligated him with some of the branches,
among which are those verses commanding the disbeliever to worship Allah (swt).
He (swt) says, “O people, worship your God” (TMQ 2:21), Allah (swt) also says “Hajj
thereto is a duty people owe to Allah” (TMQ 3:97), and similar.
Moreover, were the disbelievers not obligated to abide by the branches, Allah
(swt) would not warn them against their violation, and the verses warning them
against the forsaking of these branches are numerous, some of which are:
Allah (swt) says, “And woe to the polytheists; those who do
not pay Zakat” (TMQ 41:6-7).
Allah (swt) also says, "Those who invoke not with
Allah any other god, nor slay such life as Allah made sacred, except for a just
cause, nor do they commit fornication; and any that does this meets
punishment" (TMQ 25:68).
Allah (swt) also says, "What led you into
Hell-Fire? They will say we were not of those who prayed” (TMQ
74:42-3).
The fact that the disbelievers have been obligated to
abide by some of the commands and prohibitions indicates that they have been
obligated to abide by all the commands and prohibitions. Furthermore, the
verses which stipulate the obligation to abide by the branches are mentioned in
a general term and the general term remains upon its generality unless the
evidence of specification is mentioned; in this context, no evidence has been
mentioned which restricts these verses to the Muslims, and so they remain
general. For instance, Allah (swt) says, “Allah has permitted trade and forbidden
usury” (TMQ 2:275), and He (swt) says “And if they suckle your children then given
them their due payment” (TMQ 65:6), Allah (swt) also says "Then
pledge with possession..." (TMQ 2:283), and the words of
the Messenger of Allah
“He who revives a barren land, it
becomes his” reported by Ahmad and Al-Tirmidhi with a Sahih chain through
Jabir. The Messenger of Allah
also said “The
hand is
liable for what it has taken until it is given back” transmitted by Ahmad with a Sahih
chain through Samurah Bin Jandub . There are many other rules to
this effect. This serves as clear evidence that they are obligated to abide by
the branches.
Furthermore, the commandment to abide by the
foundation is in itself a commandment to abide by the branch, and the
commandment to abide by the whole is a commandment to abide by the part; so,
the obligation to pray entails the obligation of the prostration, the
recitation, the standing and so on. The disbeliever is commissioned to abide by
the foundation; thus, he is obligated to abide by the branch. As for the
non-acceptance of some branches from the disbelievers, such as prayer and
fasting, this is because the embracing of Islam is one of the conditions of
acceptance; thus, they would not be accepted until the condition is fulfilled.
However, this does not mean that it is not obligatory upon them. As for the
fact that they are not commanded to perform certain branches that embracing
Islam is not a condition for such as Jihad
this is because Jihad is fighting the
disbeliever for their disbelief, and the Dhimmi is a disbeliever. Thus,
it is inconceivable for him to fight the disbelievers due to their disbelief;
otherwise, it would be permitted for him to fight himself. Therefore, he is not
obligated to perform Jihad. However,
if he accepts to fight a disbeliever, it will be accepted of him. However, he
will not be forced to perform Jihad
and this does not mean that he is not commanded by Allah (swt) to perform it.
This is from the fact that they are obligated to abide
by the rules of Islam. As for the fact that the ruler should implement all the
rules of Islam upon them, this is reflected in Allah's (swt) saying with
respect to the People of the Book “So judge between them by what Allah has
revealed and do not follow their desires” (TMQ 5:48).
Allah (swt) also says with respect to them “And
judge between them by what Allah has revealed and do not follow their desires” (TMQ
5:49).
Allah (swt) also says “We have revealed the Book to you
with the Truth, so that you judge between people by what Allah has shown you” (TMQ
4:105).
This is a general address that includes Muslims and
non-Muslims alike, because the word “people” in “so that you may judge between
people…” is general. As for His (swt) saying “They
are fond of listening to falsehood and devouring anything forbidden. If they do
come to you, either judge between them or decline to interfere” (TMQ
5:42), this
means that if one were to come to the Islamic State from abroad seeking the
arbitration of the Muslims in a dispute with another disbeliever or other
disbelievers, the Muslims in this case are given the choice of either judging
between the disputing parties or declining to do so. This is since the verse
was revealed concerning those whom the Messenger of Allah
had made peace with and
signed treaties with from among the Jews of Madinah who were living as tribes
and they were considered as other states. They were not under the authority of
Islam; rather, they were other states. Thus, he
had signed treaties
with them. However, if they were under the authority of Islam, such as the Dhimmi,
or if they came as asylum seekers, it would be forbidden to judge between them
by other than Islam. The one who refused to refer to the rule of Islam, would
be forced to by the ruler and the ruler would punish him for it.
It is forbidden to conclude an indefinite Dhimmah oath with the disbeliever unless
two conditions are fulfilled. Firstly, that Dhimmis
adhere to paying the Jizya each year, and secondly that they abide by
the rules of Islam i.e. the acceptance of what is enforced upon them in terms
of executing orders and abstaining from prohibitions. This is due to the words
of Allah (swt): “Until they pay the Jizya with willing submission and feel themselves
subdued.” (TMQ 9:29), meaning until they submit to the rules of Islam.
In addition, the Messenger of Allah
used to implement the
rules of Islam upon them. Al-Bukhari transmitted through Ibn Umar: “The
Jews came to the Prophet
with a man and woman from amongst them who had
committed adultery and so he stoned them”, and Al-Bukhari reported through Anas: “The
Prophet killed a Jew for the sake of a woman who was killed for her ornaments”.
Those Jews were subjects of the Islamic State. Also, the Messenger of Allah
wrote to the people of
Najran who were Christians saying: “He who deals in usury from amongst you,
shall be denied the Dhimmah” reported by Ibn
Abu Shaybah through al-Shu’bah (Mursal narration). All
this serves as evidence about the obligation to implement all the rules of
Islam upon all of the subjects without any difference between Muslims and
non-Muslims. It is on this basis that clause A of this article has been
drafted.
As for clause B, the general order regarding the
implementation of all the rules of Islam is mentioned in Allah’s (swt) saying “And Judge
between them by what Allah has revealed” (TMQ 5:48). This general rule
has been specified by Shari’ah; excluding the ‘Aqidah they
embrace, the rules which are to them a matter of faith and the rules pertaining
the actions which the Messenger of Allah
has allowed them to
perform. The‘Aqidah and all of these rules have been made an exception
by Islam through a host of clear texts. Allah (swt) says: “There is no compulsion in the
Deen” (TMQ 2:256), and the Messenger of Allah
said: “He
who has embraced Judaism and he who has embraced Christianity should not be
coerced away from their faith, and he must pay Jizya” transmitted by Abu
Ubaid in Al-Amwal through ‘Urwah. Hence, any action which is
considered as a matter of faith to them should not be interfered with by us and
we should allow them to practise what they believe, even if this were not part
of ‘Aqidah matters in our Deen. Additionally, we should also not
interfere with them in regard to any actions that the Messenger of Allah
allowed them to
perform, such as drinking alcohol and getting married, within the scope of the
general system. In other words, it is permitted for them to drink alcohol in
their private lives but not in the general affairs where they mix with the
Muslims such as the general markets and the like.
As for Clause 'C' of this article, Islam has decreed a
host of rules regarding the apostate, amongst them that the apostate should be
killed he or she does not repent since the Messenger of Allah
said:
“Kill the one who changes his Deen” (transmitted by Al-Bukahri through Ibn Abbas). Anas
reported: “I came to Umar who said: O Anas, what happened to the six from Bakr
Ibnu Wa’il? So I said: O Amir of the believers, they were killed in the battle.
Upon this Umar recited Allah’s (swt) saying: “To Allah we belong and to Him we
will return”. So I said: “Could they have been dealt with by other than death?
He said: “Yes, I would have invited them to Islam and had they refused, I would
have thrown them in jail” as reported by
Al-Bayhaqi. In other words, until they repent and if they did not, they
would be killed. This is because the apostate would be invited to Islam and all
the means of repentance would be exhausted, and if he still refused he would
then be killed. An apostate should not be killed just for apostatising due to
what is narrated from Jaber: “A woman, Umm Marwan, apostatized so Allah
ordered that she should be presented Islam, and if she repented (it is
accepted) and otherwise she is to be killed” reported by Al-Bayhaqi and
Al-Daraqutni. This narration is used by masses of Fuqaha’;
- Ibn Qudamah uses it as evidence in Al-Mugni, Al-Mawardi in Al-Hawi
Al-Kabir and Al-Ahkam Al-Sultaniyyah, Abu Ishaq Al-Shirazi uses it
in Al-Muhadhdhab, Al-Rafi’i in al-Sharh al-Kabir, al-Baghawi in al-Tadhhib
and Ibn al-Jawzi in al-Tahqiq; so it is considered from the Hasan (acceptable
authority) narrations and is acted upon – in other words he is asked to report
before execution.
Rulings of Clause 'C' are all
about the apostate himself; they are not about his children. However, if a
Muslim apostatised from Islam and remained upon the faith to which he
apostatised, for example he continued to be a Christian, a Jew or a polytheist,
and he were then to have children who had the same faith, would his children be
considered as apostates? And would they be treated as apostates? Or would they
be considered as being of the faith they had at birth?
The answer is that the children of the apostate who
are born before their father’s apostasy are considered as Muslims without any
doubt. However, if they were to follow their father and apostatise as well,
they would be treated as apostates. If they were born after he had apostatised
from a disbelieving or an apostate wife, these children would be considered as
disbelievers and not as apostates; thus, they would be treated just like the
people of the faith they inherited at birth. Hence, every child born after his
father’s apostasy from a disbelieving wife or an apostate wife, would be judged
as a disbeliever since he or she would have been born from two disbelieving
parents. Therefore, if the two parents became Jews or Christians i.e. from the
People of the Book, he or she would be treated as the People of the Book would
be treated, and if the two parents became polytheists, he or she would be
treated as a polytheist. This is so because Ibn Mas’ud reported:
“when the Messenger of Allah
wanted to execute your father
(Uqbah Ibn Abi Mu’it), the latter said: “What about the children?” He
said: “Hell fire” (reported by Abu
Dawud, Al-Hakim authenticated it, and Al-Dhahabi agreed with him). In the narration of Al-Daruqutni:
“Hell fire for them and for their father”. It is also the case since in Sahih
of Al-Bukhari in the section of the people of the abode, in the book of Jihad, “The Messenger of Allah
passed al-abwa –
or biwaddan – and was asked about the people of the household, the women and
family of the polytheists who were killed with their fathers; he said: They are
of them”. Therefore, every child born to two disbelieving
parents is considered a disbeliever and the rule pertaining to the disbelievers
applies to him.
Hence, those who apostatised from
Islam and became non-Islamic sects, such as the Druze, the Bahai’, the Qadiani
and the like, are not treated as apostates since they didn’t apostatise but
their ancestors were the apostates and they were therefore born with two
disbelieving parents. Thus, they are judged as disbelievers and they will be
treated as such. Moreover, since they have not apostatised to a faith from
among the People of the Book i.e. they have not apostatised to Christianity or
to Judaism, they will be therefore treated as polytheists. Hence, their
slaughtered meat will not be eaten and their women will not be wedded since the
non-Muslims are either considered to be People of the Book or polytheists and
there is no third category. This is why the Messenger of Allah
said about the Magi of
Hajar as narrated by Al-Hasan Bin Muhammad Bin Al-Hanafiyya: “Whoever
embraces Islam then accept them, and whoever does not then impose Jizya upon
them, but do not wed their women or eat their slaughtered food” (Al-Hafiz
said in Al-Dirayah: “narrated by ‘Abd Al-Razzaq and Ibn Abi Shaybah, it
is a Mursal narration with a good chain”). As for those who apostatised from Islam and
became Christians - as in the case in Lebanon with the family of Shihab; this
family’s forefathers were Muslims and they apostatised to Christianity and
their children were born as Christians - these people and their like will be
treated as People of the Book.
As for Clauses 'D' and 'E', their
evidence is derived from the fact that the Messenger of Allah
allowed the Jews and
the Christians to drink alcohol and accepted their marriage and divorce
proceedings; thus, his acceptance serves as a specification of the general
rule. However, the approval of the Messenger of Allah
with regard to the
disbelievers’ marriage is given only when the two spouses are disbelievers, but
if the husband were Muslim and if the wife were either Christian or Jew, the
rules of the Shari’ah would then be applied upon both of them. It is not
feasible for the wife to be Muslim and the husband to be disbeliever for this
is unlawful. Allah (swt) says: “Then do not send them back to the
disbelievers, they are not lawful wives for them nor are the disbelievers
lawful husbands for them.” (TMQ 60:10). Therefore, it is forbidden for a
Muslim woman to marry a non-Muslim, and if she did her marriage would be
unlawful.
As for Clause 'F', the evidence with respect to the
implementation of all the rules of Islam is derived from all what has just been
mentioned that the disbeliever is obligated to abide by the foundations and the
branches, thus, he is commanded to submit to all the rules of Islam. This is
general, and it includes the Dhimmi and the non-Dhimmi from among
those who live under the authority of Islam. Hence, all the disbelievers who
enter Dar Al-Islam must be subjected to the rules of Islam
except the ‘Aqidah matters, the rules related to ‘Aqidah matters
and any action which the Messenger of Allah
allowed them to do
whether these disbelievers were Dhimmi, under covenant or asylum
seekers. However, the ambassadors and their likes are excluded from this and
the rules of Islam would not be implemented upon them for they would be given
what is known as diplomatic immunity. This is so because Ahmed reported on the
authority of Abu Wa’il who said: “Ibn Nawwaha and Ibn Uthal came to the
Messenger of Allah
as envoys of Musaylima - the
liar - and the Messenger of Allah
said to them “Do you bear
witness that I am the Messenger of Allah?” They said “We bear witness that Musaylima
is the Messenger of Allah.” Upon this the Messenger of Allah
“I give you security by Allah
and His Messenger. If I were to kill an envoy I would have killed the two of
you” (reported
by Ahmad and declared Hasan by Al-Haythami). So, this narration indicates
that it is not permitted to kill the envoys of the disbelievers and nor to
apply the punishments (uqubat) upon them. However, this is
exclusively applicable upon those who have the capacity of an envoy such as the
ambassador and the “Chargé d'affaires” and the like.
As for those upon whom the capacity of an envoy does not apply such as the
Consul and the Commercial Attaché and the like, they would not have any
immunity for they do not have the capacity of an envoy. This matter should be
referred to the international convention because it is a terminological
expression whose reality should be understood by way of looking into the
convention and it is part of establishing the Manat (reality); in other
words establishing whether they are considered envoys or not.
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