As-Salaamu Alaikum wa Rahmatullah wa Barakaatuhu to the noble Scholar Ata Bin Khalil Abu Al-Rashtah, may Allah protect him.
May I please ask you for your time and patience to answer the following questions?
The Jordanian Minister of Endowments and Holy Islamic Affairs (Awqaaf) said that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم practised Taqiyyah and that this is mentioned in a Quranic text and noble Hadith and that there exists an incorrect belief that it is from the Shi'a Madh'hab (school of thought) citing the ayah:
لَّا مَنْ أُكْرِهَ وَقَلْبُهُ مُطْمَئِنٌّ بِالْإِيمَانِ
"Except for the one who is coerced (forced) whilst his heart remains firmly content upon belief (Imaan)."
(An-Nahl: 106)
And the saying of the Messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم:
صلى الله عليه وسلم: "إن في معاريض الكلام لمندوحة عن الكذب
"Allusions (Ma'aareed) in the speech is Manduhah (avoidance) from telling a lie."
He also mentioned that the Messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم practised Taqiyyah when the desert Arab asked him where he was from and he صلى الله عليه وسلم answered by saying "من ماء" 'min maa' meaning of 'maa'in maheen' (water i.e. semen).
He asked the judges: Is this not Taqiyyah? Just as the qudaa' (judges) were severe about their rejection of calling the Shi'a disbelievers affirming that they are Muslims as long as they bear witness to one God and Muhammad as His Messenger.
And he said that the difference between the Taqiyyah Ash-Shari'ah (legitimate Taqiiyah) and that of the Shi'a is that the latter consider it as part of the fundamentals of the Deen and of the matters that have to be believed in. Indeed there is no Deen of Imaan who does not possess At-Taqiyyah. In contrast the legitimate Taqiyyah falls into the branches (furoo') and not the fundamentals (Usool). And there is no problem whether a Muslim takes it or leaves it.
The question: Is his Istidlaal (deduction) with the Ayah and the Hadeeth correct in regards to the issue of At-Taqiyyah? And is what he said in regards to the difference between the Taqiyyah Ash-Shari'ah and the Taqiyyah of the Shi'a correct?
Allah سبحانه وتعالى said:
لَا يَتَّخِذِ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ الْكَافِرِينَ أَوْلِيَاءَ مِنْ دُونِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَمَنْ يَفْعَلْ ذَلِكَ فَلَيْسَ مِنَ اللَّهِ فِي شَيْءٍ إِلَّا أَنْ تَتَّقُوا مِنْهُمْ تُقَاةً
"Let not believers take disbelievers as allies rather than believers. And whoever [of you] does that has nothing with Allah, except when taking precaution against them in prudence. And Allah warns you of Himself, and to Allah is the [final] destination."
(Aali-Imraan: 28)
Ibn Jareer said: "The Taqiyyah that Allah has mentioned in this verse only means making Taqiyyah from the disbelievers and not from other than them." And Sa'eed Ibn Jubair said: "There is no Taqiyyah in Islam but rather the Taqiyyah is only for the people of war."
What is the intended meaning of the noble Ayah of Taqiyyah?
Is it possible for us to say that all of the Shi'a are Muslims despite their statement that the Quran has been distorted, their cursing upon the Khulafaa Ar-Rashidun (ra) and their position to Sayiduna Ali (ra) (may Allah honour him)?
With all appreciation and gratitude to you.
From Abu Muhammad As-Sawaalamah
Answer:
Wa Alaikumu Assalaam Wa Rahmatullahi wa Barakaatuhu,
The Minister has mixed between three matters and placed them all into one mould for some reason or another and we do not want to say more than that!
The first matter: The Taqiyyah in the noble Ayah:
إِلَّا أَنْ تَتَّقُوا مِنْهُمْ تُقَاةً
"Unless you protect yourselves from them by way of precaution."
(Aali-Imraan: 28)
The second matter is the noble Ayah:
إِلَّا مَنْ أُكْرِهَ وَقَلْبُهُ مُطْمَئِنٌّ بِالْإِيمَانِ
"Except for the one who is coerced (forced) whilst his heart remains firmly content upon belief (Imaan)."
(An-Nahl: 106)
And the third matter is the Hadeeth of the Messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم recorded by Abu Bakr Al-Bayhaqi (deceased: 458 AH) in 'Sha'b Al-Imaan' narrated by Mutarraf Bin Abdullah who said: "We came to Kufa from Basra along with Imran Bin Husain and he said: "Allusions (Ma'aareed) in the speech is Manduhah (avoidance) from telling a lie."
This is Saheeh and Mawqoof (chain of transmission does not trace back to the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم). Extracted by Ibn ul-A'araabi (Deceased: 340 AH) in his 'Mu'jam' Marfoo'an (traces back to the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم). He said: Dawud Bin Az-Zibriqaan narrated from Sa'eed from Qataadah from Zuraarah Bin Abi Awfaa from 'Imraan Bin Hussein that the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said:
إِنَّ فِي الْمَعَارِيضَ مَنْدُوحَةً عَنِ الْكَذِبِ
"Allusions (Ma'aareed) in the speech is Manduhah (avoidance) from telling a lie."
Each of these three matters has its own subject area and it is not permitted to bind them with different subjects. To further clarify this we reply:
Firstly: As for the Taqiyyah that is permitted by the Shariah (Islamic legislation), it is that which is between the Muslim and the disbelievers (Kuffar) when a Muslim lives amongst them and under their authority and will be subject to great suffering from them if he does not display his loyalty and love for them. In this scenario it is permitted for him to display his affection towards them with his tongue and not his heart. However, it is not permitted for a Muslim to display to another Muslim the opposite of what he holds from within and this applies to all Muslims whether from the Muslim masses or from specific persons like the oppressive ruler, as this is not permitted by the Shariah.
The evidence for this is the text of the noble Ayah of the Quran and its subject area. As for the text, Allah سبحانه وتعالى says:
لَا يَتَّخِذِ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ الْكَافِرِينَ أَوْلِيَاءَ مِنْ دُونِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَمَنْ يَفْعَلْ ذَلِكَ فَلَيْسَ مِنَ اللَّهِ فِي شَيْءٍ إِلَّا أَنْ تَتَّقُوا مِنْهُمْ تُقَاةً وَيُحَذِّرُكُمُ اللَّهُ نَفْسَهُ وَإِلَى اللَّهِ الْمَصِيرُ
"Let not believers take disbelievers as allies rather than believers. And whoever [of you] does that has nothing with Allah, except when taking precaution against them in prudence. And Allah warns you of Himself, and to Allah is the [final] destination."
(Aali-Imraan: 28)
As for the subject of the noble Ayah, it is clear in its text: It is the befriending or showing loyalty of the Muslims to the disbelievers i.e. to display friendship to them. So the text states:
لَا يَتَّخِذِ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ الْكَافِرِينَ أَوْلِيَاءَ مِنْ دُونِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ
"Let not believers take disbelievers as allies rather than believers."
And when an Ayah or Ahadith are mentioned in a specific subject then it remains specific to that subject and does not include other subjects.
So the Ayah was revealed when the Muslims who had not emigrated and remained in Makkah under the authority of the disbelievers of Quraish. They were overcome in their situation and if they were to reveal themselves then they would face enmity or the lack of loyalty then they would be exposed to severe harm. Therefore the Ayah made the case of these an exception to the general rule. The meaning of the Ayah is therefore: A strong prohibition for Muslims giving loyalty to the disbelievers in any form (or display) of loyalty and the severity of the prohibition came in the words of Allah سبحانه وتعالى:
وَمَنْ يَفْعَلْ ذَلِكَ فَلَيْسَ مِنَ اللَّهِ فِي شَيْءٍ
"And whoever [of you] does that has nothing with Allah."
Then the Ayah made an exception of a single case i.e. the situation that is similar to the situation of the Muslims who did not emigrate from Makkah and remained under the authority of the disbelievers of Quraish, overtaken in their affair whilst they used to warn them of severe harm befalling them if they displayed enmity or lack of loyalty towards them. So this represents a case of exception.
As such displaying affection to the Muslim ruler out of fear of harm from him whilst he is a Zhaalim (oppressor) and Faasiq (rebellious to Allah's commands) who rules with Kufr (rules of disbelief) is Haram. Similarly displaying affection to the Muslim who disagrees with your (Islamic) view whilst keeping hatred for it inside is Haram. Pretending or giving the appearance that you do not abide by Islam or that you do not care for it in front of a disbeliever or in front of a Faasiq or Zhaalim is not permitted. All of these examples and those which are similar to them are Nifaaq (hypocrisy) which the Shar'a (Islamic legislation) has made Haram upon the Muslims. This is the case where the subject of the Ayah:
إِلَّا أَنْ تَتَّقُوا مِنْهُمْ تُقَاةً
"except when taking precaution against them in prudence."
This is restricted to the reality of the case of the Muslims who were in Makkah living amongst the Mushrikeen.
At-Tabari (deceased: 310 AH) said in his Tafseer: "The opinion in relation to interpreting His سبحانه وتعالى saying:
لَا يَتَّخِذِ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ الْكَافِرِينَ أَوْلِيَاءَ
"Let not believers take disbelievers as allies rather than believers."
Until His سبحانه وتعالى saying:
إِلَّا أَنْ تَتَّقُوا مِنْهُمْ تُقَاةً
"except when taking precaution against them in prudence."
Abu Ja'far said: This is a forbiddance from Allah ('azza wa jalla) for the believers to take the Kuffar as helpers, supporters and allies (against believers) unless you (believers) are under their authority and you fear for yourselves from them so you display loyalty to them by your tongues... And you do not encourage them upon the Kufr (disbelief) that they are upon and you do not aid them with any action against a Muslim."
Therefore what they call Taqiyyah is negated and its meaning is to display to a believer that which goes against what he holds inside himself to the Zhaalim (oppressor) ruler or the Faasiq (rebellious to Allah's commands) who holds power, or someone who goes against the opinion or what is similar to that. This act is prohibited because it is Nifaaq (hypocrisy) and Nifaaq as a whole is Haram (prohibited).
Secondly: The noble Ayah:
مَنْ كَفَرَ بِاللَّهِ مِنْ بَعْدِ إِيمَانِهِ إِلَّا مَنْ أُكْرِهَ وَقَلْبُهُ مُطْمَئِنٌّ بِالْإِيمَانِ
"Who disbelieves in Allah after having Iman (belief) except for the one who is coerced (forced) whilst his heart remains firmly content upon belief (Iman)."
Its subject area is the subject of disbelief after belief so the subject is about apostatizing from Islam. Whilst the case described here is the case where there is fear of certain death and this is what the Fuqahaa jurisprudence scholars have named Al-Ikraah Al-Malja' (compulsion of refuge) and this is the only compulsion considered by the Shariah (Islamic legislation) from all of the types of Ikraah (compulsion) in which the Hukm upon the one being compelled is suspended. So the Ikraah (compulsion) that is excluded by the Shariah is the Ikraah Al-Malja' and this is the case where death is feared for certain. It was revealed in relation to Ammar Bin Yassir (ra) who they took, tortured and killed his mother and father because they refused to disbelieve. They were torturing Ammar with the severest of tortures until he was close to being killed like his mother and father. At that time Ammar spoke a word of (Kufr) disbelief. At-Tabari said: [Ibn Abdul 'Aalaa told us: Muhammad bin Thawr narrated from Mu'mar from Abdul Kareem Al-Jazari from Abu 'Ubaid Bin Muhammad bin Ammar Bin Yassir who said: The Mushrikeen (polytheists) took Ammar Bin Yassir and they tortured him until he complied to what they desired. So he told this to the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم so the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said:
كيف تجد قلبك؟ قال: مطمئناً بالإيمان، قال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم: فإن عادوا فعد
"How did you find your heart?" He said, 'Assured with belief.' The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said: "Then if they return then return." Therefore the cause (Sabab) of the revelation of this Ayah was the incident involving Ammar Bin Yassir (ra) and its subject matter is that of apostasy from Islam and the specific circumstance is the fear of certain death. This in itself is sufficient to make clear that there is no relationship between it and the Ayah:
إِلَّا أَنْ تَتَّقُوا مِنْهُمْ تُقَاةً
"except when taking precaution against them in prudence."
Whereas this Ayah was revealed in Makkah and its subject is Imaan (belief):
إِلَّا مَنْ أُكْرِهَ وَقَلْبُهُ مُطْمَئِنٌّ بِالْإِيمَانِ
"Except for the one who is coerced (forced) whilst his heart remains firmly content upon belief (Iman)."
The ayah:
إِلَّا أَنْ تَتَّقُوا مِنْهُمْ تُقَاةً
"except when taking precaution against them in prudence"
was revealed in Madinah and its subject matter is believers showing loyalty to the disbelievers with the exceptional case as explained earlier. As such this is not the same as the other and is not linked with one another due to the difference in the case and the subject area. So the Muslim who is under the authority of the Kuffar (disbelievers) and is overcome in his affair, it is not permissible for him to openly apostatise from Islam to evade them. Rather it is obligatory for him to make Hijrah (emigrate) if he is unable to abide by the rules of his Deen. This is different from showing loyalty with the tongue without loyalty of the heart which is permitted. However if a Muslim fears for himself that he will be killed for sure and is coerced and forced upon Kufr (disbelief) then it is permitted for him to display the Kufr whilst concealing his Iman. Therefore the plain difference between these two noble Ayat is evident.
Thirdly: The Hadith of the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم which is Marfoo' (Chain of transmission reached the Prophet) and Mawqoof (chain of transmission does not trace back to the Prophet) and states:
إِنَّ فِي الْمَعَارِيضِ مَنْدُوحَةً عَنِ الْكَذِبِ
"Allusions (Ma'aareed) in the speech is Manduhah (avoidance) from telling a lie."
Then this is related to the subject of Tawriyah (ambiguity) and it does not fall within the topic of lying or display of the concealed. Rather it relates to the subject of Sidq (truthfulness). To use a word that carries two meanings: One is far whilst the other is near, so the near meaning comes to the mind whilst what is intended is the far meaning. This is the meaning of 'Ma'aareed' (allusions).
It is mentioned in 'Mukhtaar As-Sihhaah' (Dictionary): [At-Ta'reed (allusions) is the opposite of At-Tasreeh (Explicitness) and from it is Al-Ma'aareed in speech and this is Tawriyah (alluding) to a thing by another thing]. And in regards to Manduhah, Abu Ubaid said it means room and space. The meaning then is that the use of Ma'aareed or Tawriyah (allusion) is a way of avoiding the lie. An example of this is the answer given by the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم to the old man when he asked him: 'Where are you from?' So the Messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم said: 'We are from water'. This is Tawriyah and not Taqiyyah: It was mentioned in the Seerah of Ibn Hisham: [The Messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم and Abu Bakr were reconnaissancing the news about the Quraish... They then descended close to Badr so he and one of his companions were riding. Ibn Hisham said: The man was Abu Bakr as-Siddeeq. Ibn Ishaq said just as Mohammed Bin Yahya Bin Hibbaan told me: (They continued) until they halted at an old man from the Arabs, so he صلى الله عليه وسلم asked him about Quraish, Muhammad and his companions and what news or information had reached him about them. So the elder said: I will not inform you until you tell me from where you have come from? So the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم said: If you tell us we will tell you. So he asked: This (information) for that? He صلى الله عليه وسلم replied: 'Yes.' The elder said it has reached me that Muhammad and his companions have gone out on so and so day and if the one who told me this has told the truth then they will have reached on this day so and so place, the place where the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم and his companions were. And it has reached me that the Quraish left on so and so day and if the one who informed me spoke the truth, then they (Quraish) would have reached so and so location. Then when he had finished informing them this he asked: So where are you from? So the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم said:'We are from water.' And then he turned away to leave from him. He said: The elder said: From water, from the water of Iraq? Ibn Hisham said that the elder was called Sufyan Ad-Damariy.
Thus the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم answered the question of the elder about where they were from and said: "نحن من ماء", 'We are from water', he صلى الله عليه وسلم used the speech of Tawriyah and Ma'aareed (allusion) because 'water' holds the meaning of normal water and it also holds the meaning of the water of life which is the discharge from which the embryo is created. What came to the elder's mind that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم was from a village or region that was characterised by the presence of water like what the Arabs used to describe. So the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم did not use Taqiyyah because Taqiyyah is not permitted except when the Muslim lives in a place where his affair is dominated over under the rule of the Kuffar (disbelievers) in order to defend against their evil and harm. Other than this situation, it is not permitted because it would be lies and hypocrisy and far be it to claim that the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم did that because he is the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم - the truthful and the one who is believed.
Thereby the minister erred by claiming that the Messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم utilised Taqiyyah perhaps he may read this answer and then seeks forgiveness from Allah سبحانه وتعالى and repentance from Him. We hope that he does this as we love for every Muslim to be guided to the truth and seek repentance for the sin just as the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم said:
كُلُّ ابْنِ آدَمَ خَطَّاءٌ وَخَيْرُ الخَطَّائِينَ التَّوَّابُونَ
"Every son of Adam sins and the best of sinners are those who seek repentance." (At-Tirmidhi).
As for the question regarding the Shi'a who follow the Ja'fari Madh'hab then they are upon the foundation of the Muslims however the one who says that the Quran has been altered and 'Ta'liyah' of 'Ali (ra) then he is a disbeliever (Kaffir) and is not considered from among the Muslims.
Your brother,
Ata Bin Khalil Abu Al-Rashtah
29 Shaban 1434 AH
08 July 2013 CE
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